In 2011 Roger Parvus posted a series here arguing that the letters of Ignatius were in fact composed by a follower of a breakaway sect from Marcionism. Roger’s thesis builds upon ideas advanced by earlier scholars that the letters of Ignatius show signs of the teachings of someone closely related to Marcionism, such as Apelles, a former disciple of Marcion. Roger also revisits and develops an idea that first appeared a century ago in scholarly publications that the author of the original letters was in fact that colorful character Peregrinus, the subject of a satire by Lucian.
Since then, Roger has nuanced some those posts, and I also have learned a little about more effective ways to present lengthy posts in a relatively quick-and-easy-to-follow layout on a blog page. So I will be posting a new series of the revised version of Roger’s posts over coming months.
1. The Letters of Ignatius: Originally Written By a Follower of an Ex-Marcionite? (Introduction)
PART 1 — that the letters were written by Peregrinus
2. The Letters of Ignatius: Originally Written By Peregrinus?
1 and 2 originally posted as The Letters Supposedly Written by Ignatius of Antioch
3. Solving a Puzzle (or four) in the Letters of Ignatius: The Christian Years of Peregrinus
3 originally posted as [2] The Letters Supposedly Written by Ignatius of Antioch: 2nd post in the series
4. Invitations to Watch a Martrydom: The Letters of Ignatius (or Peregrinus) continued
4 originally posted as [3] The Letters Supposedly Written by Ignatius of Antioch: 3rd post in this series
5. Making Sense of the Letters and Travels of Ignatius
5 originally posted as [4] The Letters Supposedly Written by Ignatius of Antioch: 4th post in this series
6. Writing Ignatius into History (How the Peregrinus thesis solves many problems)
6 originally posted as [5] The Letters Supposedly Written by Ignatius of Antioch: 5th post in this series
PART 2 — that the author was an Apellean Christian
7. An Odd Mix of Beliefs in the Letters of Ignatius Peregrinus
7 originally posted as [6] The Letters Supposedly Written by Ignatius of Antioch: 6th post in the series
8. The Teachings of Apelles, Marcion’s Apostate
8 originally posted as the first half of [7] The Letters Supposedly Written by Ignatius of Antioch: 7th post in the series
9. The Author of the So-Called Ignatians was an Apellean Christian
9 originally posted as the second half of [7] The Letters Supposedly Written by Ignatius of Antioch: 7th post in the series
10. The Ignatian Letters Written By a Follower Of Apelles? (Part 1)
10 originally posted as [8] The Letters Supposedly Written by Ignatius of Antioch: 8th post in the series
11. The Gospel of Peregrinus (and Apelles)
11 originally posted as [9] The Letters Supposedly Written by Ignatius of Antioch: 9th post in the series
Conclusion
12. Final of “Letters Supposedly Written by Ignatius”: Tackling New Questions
12 originally posted as [10] The Letters Supposedly Written by Ignatius of Antioch: 10th and final post in the series
Neil Godfrey
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[Apologies for originally posting this question in the wrong thread!]
———————————-
Hi Roger,
[…]
Have you anywhere addressed the idea that Apelles was alluded to as “Apollos” in Acts 18:24-28?
“Now there came to Ephesus a Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria. He was an eloquent man, well-versed in the scriptures. He had been instructed in the Way of the Lord; and he spoke with burning enthusiasm and taught accurately the things concerning Jesus, though he knew only the baptism of John. He began to speak boldly in the synagogue; but when Priscilla and Aquila heard him, they took him aside and explained the Way of God to him more accurately. And when he wished to cross over to Achaia, the believers encouraged him and wrote to the disciples to welcome him. On his arrival he greatly helped those who through grace had become believers, for he powerfully refuted the Jews in public, showing by the scriptures that the Messiah is Jesus.” [NRSV]
My thoughts:
1) The distinction between the “Way of the Lord” (things concerning Jesus) and the “the Way of God”, as well as the theme of “powerfully refuting the Jews”, strikes me as Apellean (as you describe it).
2) Tertullian says that Apelles settled in Alexandria after he was expelled from the Marcionites in Rome.
3) The ‘Johannine’ community is reputed to have resided in the vicinity of Ephesus/Smyrna/Patmos.
4) In your discussion of Ignatius/Peregrinus, you suggest that the ‘Gospel of John’ (as we know it) may have been the proto-orthodox redaction of the Gospel of the Apelleans.
Putting it all together, is it possible that the foregoing passage in Acts alludes to a connection between the Apollos/Apelles of Alexandria and the Apelles/Apollos of Ephesus?
Anyway, I’m obviously new to all this, but I have (binge-)read and enjoyed all your posts so far on Ignatius/Peregrinus and Paul/Simon. If you get the chance let me know if I have missed anything… or am just generally bonkers!!
Thanks!
Jaime
Jaime,
In my self-published book I suggested that the author of Acts of the Apostles may have created Apollos as a kind of prefiguration for Apelles. I didn’t include this in the blog series because, in order to convincingly argue it, I think it needs to be presented as part of a much larger discussion of Acts and its purpose.
But, yes, I agree with you that the parallels are intriguing. I suspect the author of Acts wanted to create an early Christian precedent for “welcoming” (18:27) Apelles, someone whose teaching of Christianity was different but still quite close to that of the proto-orthodox. Notice how delicately the situation is handled. The teaching of Apollos is not described as being wrong or deficient. He taught “accurately” (18:25) the things concerning Jesus, but Priscilla and Aquila explained to him the Way of God “more accurately.” (18:26)
It is worth noting too that there are a few manuscripts of Acts that actually have the name Apelles instead of Apollos in the 18:24-28 episode.
I should have mentioned too that, according to Robert M. Price, Darrell Doughty also proposed that Apollos = Apelles. And as I recall, Hermann Detering, in his The Falsified Paul, makes the same identification.
By the way, are there sources for Peregrinus’s life other than Lucian and Aulus Gellius? I seem to recall this being mentioned one way or the other in the series, but I can’t find it and I don’t recall what you said.
The only other second century references to Peregrinus are brief and by Christians: Tatian (in his “Address to the Greeks,” ch. 25) and Athenagoras (in his “Apologia,” ch. 26). A few years later Tertullian mentions him (in “To the Martyrs,” ch. 4).
What if he’s also the person III John refers to as Diotrephes?
I finally made my own Blogpost on this subject, adding my own new arguments to it. And I chose to promote this research even though it’s Atheist.
Thanks for linking to Roger’s post — but can I ask you kindly to correct a couple of points, please. You write there:
Roger Parvus, as far as I am aware continues to argue that Jesus did exist. See his concluding post in his Simonian series. I seem to recall he has reiterated this point in comment(s) of his here since then. (Nor do I know if he is an atheist.)
I also do not argue against the existence of a historical Jesus and am quite open to the possibility that a historical Jesus is the best explanation for Christian origins. I have argued that the narrative in the Gospel of Mark (and other gospels) does not originate in an oral tradition traced back to historical events, but that is far from denying the existence of a historical Jesus on other grounds.
Nor does atheism ever entail Jesus mythicism. Not at all. I have supported atheist John Loftus’s view that the worst way to “attack Christianity” (if that is what one wants to do) is to try to argue Jesus did not exist. I am not interested in “attacking Christianity” but fully agree with him.
Some biblical scholars have personally attacked me for having what they assume is some kind of hostile anti-Christian agenda but they do so in ignorance and apparent malice. See also https://vridar.org/2015/07/12/what-is-vridar/
I added an update under the first Link.
Nothing I said was ever meant to imply all Atheist are Mythicists, quite the opposite I am well aware of Tim O’Niel’s History for Atheists blog.
Actually I decided to just go ahead and change that part entirely.
What do you think of my hunch that Ignatius/Peregrinus and other 2nd Century Christians were influenced by Plutarch?
Thanks for the change.
I am not speaking for Roger but the Plutarch influence you raise is something I have never considered. I would have to take time out to examine any particular proposed links before commenting.
You’re Welcome.
I think the strongest Plutarch connection is the Free Will stuff.
I’ve just finished your book but there are several issues with your methodology. First and foremost, you do not seem to take into account the complexity of transmission of the texts. Most notably, you overlook the short-recension (SR), which presents and older version of the text. Your suggested readings and changes to the text are not confirmed by the SR.
However, I have reassessed the itinerary of Ignatius in the SR and you appear to be correct about some of this journey – namely, that he was not arrested in the East and taken to Rome. Rather, it appears as if he was arrested in the West and carried only a little way to Rome, which is more plausible.
I don’t wish to ramble on here but if you are interested in my PhD thesis, it is coming out next year with Peeters, though I would be happy to send you a copy.
Best wishes,
Jack
Jack,
The short recension is certainly puzzling but, as I’m sure you know, there is hardly a consensus that it is an older version of the text. I am interested to see what light your thesis will throw on the issue and look forward to reading it next year.
Roger